Associate Program 2 The goal of Associate Program 2 is to use ecological insights to guide the discovery of novel natural products with biological activity against a targeted group of diseases critical to developing nations and to the United States. In complex environments such as near-shore marine habitats, secondary metabolism has evolved over billions of years in response to intense selection pressure on organisms to solve critical challenges associated with survival and reproduction. In particular, tropical coral reefs host diverse microorganisms, algae, and invertebrates that use chemical cues and chemical defenses as a language driving interactions among and within species. Small organic molecules that are critical in mediating ecological interactions are strong candidates for new medicines targeting infectious disease caused by bacteria, fungi, and parasites, in addition to cancer and neurological disorders. We will explore understudied coral reef organisms including rare species of marine algae and invertebrates and microbes associated with algal and coral surfaces. We will apply ecological assays to uncover novel secondary metabolism, extending our previous work testing for antimicrobial, antiherbivore, and allelopathic compounds by adding microbial overlay and challenge assays to seek chemically rich microbes specialized as pathogens, mutualists, or commensals that produce unique secondary metabolites due to complex ecological interactions. Pursuit of lead drug molecules will be based on prioritized activity in a series of pharmacological screens relevant to infectious disease, tropical neglected disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative and CNS disorders. Identification of novel natural product structures will utilize modern spectroscopic techniques, leading to preclinical studies. Once our aims are met, we will have contributed novel pharmaceutical leads to the biomedical research community; revealed new molecular scaffolds and receptor-ligand interactions to the chemistry and chemical biology communities; learned new lessons on the roles of chemical cues and chemical defenses among marine macro- and microorganisms; applied new metabolomic and metabolic networking approaches to studying secondary metabolism in marine organisms; and trained a generation of scientific personnel in the U.S. and the South Pacific.