Investigators from NCI are collaborating with the Ministry of Health of Chile and colleagues from local hospitals and universities to launch a multidisciplinary population-based study of gallbladder cancer. Investigators are currently performing a pilot study to include 120 subjects in four clinical centers to evaluate the feasibility in conducting a full-scale study. If successful, the full-scale case-control study will involve 12 clinical centers in Chile and approximately 4,000 gallbladder cancer cases and 4,000 controls from an indigenous population with the country’s highest rates of this cancer. This study, with its planned network, infrastructure, and biobank, will provide a unique resource for large-scale population-based observational surveys, molecular epidemiology and biomarker studies, as well as clinical trials to explore risk factors related to medical history, obesity, micronutrients, bacterial and viral infections, reproductive and hormonal factors, genetic susceptibility, and the interplay between genetic and environmental factors.